Frostbite in winter: how to recognize degrees and provide first aid.

According to ТСН: During the winter period, the human body becomes especially vulnerable to cold, which can lead to frostbite that can cause serious harm to tissues. Knowing the symptoms of frostbite and the rules for providing first aid is very important — it can save your health and even your life.

Frostbite occurs when low temperatures affect the skin and subcutaneous tissues for an extended period, disrupting blood circulation. The most vulnerable are the open and peripheral areas such as fingers, hands, feet, nose, ears, and cheeks.

"Frostbite can affect any part of the body, but the greatest risk is to exposed areas, especially in cold and windy weather."

How the skin reacts to cold

The skin is a key organ of thermoregulation. In response to cold, blood vessels constrict to preserve heat in vital organs. If blood supply to the peripheral areas decreases, it can lead to tissue damage.

The risk of frostbite increases in the following cases:

• prolonged exposure to cold;

• strong wind and humidity;

• wet or tight clothing;

• the presence of chronic diseases (diabetes, Raynaud's disease, neuropathy, hypothyroidism).

Degrees of frostbite

Degree I — mild skin injury: redness, cold to the touch, slight numbness. It is recommended to warm the area with water at 37–39 °C, change wet clothing, and avoid rubbing the skin with snow or hot objects.

Degree II — superficial injury with clear blisters. Medical consultation, treatment, and sterile covering of the affected area are necessary.

Degree III — deeper skin damage with bloody blisters and reduced sensitivity. Urgent medical assistance is needed, possible hospitalization.

Degree IV — the most severe injury: skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, and bones are affected. The condition is critical, without professional assistance there may be partial or complete loss of function.

How to protect yourself

• Follow the weather forecast and plan your time outdoors in the cold.

• Dress in layers, use gloves, hats, and scarves.

• Choose waterproof and windproof outerwear.

• Do not stay in wet clothing, quickly change into warm clothes.

• Drink enough water, avoid alcohol.

• Apply protective creams (cold cream) on exposed areas 15–20 minutes before going out.

• Be able to recognize the signs of frostbite: redness, numbness, tingling — and act immediately.

"Remember that frostbite is not only discomfort but also a risk of serious tissue damage. Early assistance and proper warming greatly reduce injury."

A recent case in Volyn served as a reminder of the danger of cold. A man who spent 10 hours in the frost survived due to medical assistance, as his condition was critical. This further emphasizes the importance of knowing the symptoms of frostbite and ways to prevent it.